What Was The Manna Bread?

chassidus kabbalah manna rebbe Jan 28, 2024

What Was The Manna?

By Rabbi Amichai Cohen

In the original Hebrew the word is ืžืŸ, more accurately transliterated as mon. So what does mon mean? There are several schools of thought.

1. Some say that mon means a portion of food. They did not know what it was, but they knew that it was a portion of ready-to-eat food, so they called it just that.

2. Others explain that mon is Egyptian for “what.”

Over the 200-plus years that they had lived in Egypt, a fair amount of Egyptian had crept into their lexicon. Thus, when they said, “It is manna,” what they were actually saying was, “What is it?” Eventually, that became the name of the mystery food that they had found.

3. A third interpretation is that the root word of mon means status or importance. In other words, they saw the stuff fall

from heaven, did not know what it was, but were sure that it was something special.

 

Below is a summary of a Chassidic course of the Lubavitcher Rebbe on the Manna.

MANNA - The Bread Of Hunger 

A.

The Manna is described by the Torah as “He Afflicted you and made you hungry and fed you the Manna..(Deuteronomy 8:3)”.

 

The Rebbe Rashab (Shalom Dov Ber- 5th Rebbe) in a discourse, asks a number of questions:

 

  1. How could the Torah call the Manna “bread of starvation”, a seemingly derogatory description of the Manna.

 

2. The Talmud (Berachos 48b) says with regard to the origins of the four blessings of Grace after Meals, “Rav Naแธฅman said: Moses instituted for Israel the first blessing of: Who feeds all (the first blessing), when the manna descended for them and they needed to thank God. Joshua instituted the blessing of the land when they entered Eretz Yisrael. David and Solomon instituted the third blessing: Who builds Jerusalem.”

How could it be that the blessing of satiation of food (bread) which we eat nowadays be based on the occurrence of the falling of the Manna?

 

3. The Talmud (Yoma 74b) learns the affection of Yom Kippur from the verse above verse: "The school of Rabbi Yishmael taught the following concerning the nature of Yom Kippur: The word affliction is stated here with regard to Yom Kippur, and the word affliction is stated further on in a different place, concerning the Jews in the desert: “And He afflicted you and caused you to hunger” (Deuteronomy 8:3). Just as further on the meaning of affliction is hunger, so too, here, the meaning of the word affliction is hunger.”

From here, it appears that Manna's eating is compared to actually not eating.

 

B.

The Manna is called Zera Gad (seed of Gad), referring to Agadeta- The mystical teachings of the Torah.

 

While the revealed teachings of Torah are understandable, the mystical teachings are often not fully “graspable” to the intellect. It is for this reason that the revealed part of the torah is called “bread of satiation”, while the esoteric level is called bread of “starvation”.

On a deeper level within the esoteric level of the Torah we have the revealed and graspable aspect, which relates to the Middot (7 sefirot) and personal transformational level, while the esoteric level is completely aloof from the Middot. For this reason the completely esoteric level is called “bread of starvation” since it is not graspable to the human intellect and the Middot. 

C

The difference between the 2 understandings of “bread of starvation” is

  1. bread that causes one to continue to be hungry
  2. bread which in itself is the cause of hunger

The distinction lies in the way the “bread” or knowledge affects the person. When the knowledge is comparable to the emotional grasp of the individual, this is called bread that perpetuates hunger. However, when the knowledge is completely beyond the individual's grasp, this is the bread that is the cause of hunger.

This is the “starvation” of Yom Kippur, where we become satiated by the fasting and hunger of the day. The essence of pleasure (non-physical) is felt even within the fasting. This is why the Talmud learns the comparison of Yom Kippur to the Manna.

D

This can be connected to what the Zohar says on the verse (regarding the Manna not falling down on Shabbat) “look G-d has given you the Shabbat, Rabbi Chizkiyah opened and said “from the depths I call out to you…” these are the depths of all and the depths of the well..”

The Rebbe’s father, Rabbi Levi Yitzchak Schneerson, says about this Zohar piece that “the depth of all and the depth of the well” refers to Chochma and Binah, which are the origin and root of the 6 Sefirot (Zeir Anpin).

Shabbat is the 7th Sefirah, which (below to above) is Binah, and from this source is where the blessings are elicited.

This is the connection of Oneg- pleasure to Shabbat ืขื ื’- ืขื“ืŸ,ื ื”ืจ,ื’ืŸ the acronym of Eden (chochma) Nahar/river (Binah) Gan/garden (Malchut).

Shabbat is the letters Shin and Bat ืฉ-ื‘ืช. Shin refers to Chochma and Binah and has the numerology of depths maamakim/depths and descends into Bat, the daughter - Malchut

Question: Why does Rabbi Levik first say that the Shin/Chochma & Binah are decent to the Zeir Anpin, while later he says that the Shin descends into Malchut?

Answer: Zeir Anpin and Malchut represent these two aspects of the Manna. the Z”A is the level that is removed from one’s limitations, while Malchut is the realm in which the person is limited within his own reference point and framework.

The ultimate is the descent of the Manna/knowledge into Malchut into one’s limited framework.

 

In our own personal spiritual work this can be compared to the spreading of the esoteric teachings that are at first sublime, however the spreading leads one to taping the actual wellspring/ source itself.

 

E

These 2 distinctions are the very distinctions of the Manna falling down “day by day”. While having bread in one’s basket is comforting, having the bread rain down brought out a deeper level of faith in G-d.

The limited framework of the world causes one also to view bread/sustenance is physical. When it is seen as being there, then one can enjoy it, while if it is not there (in one’s basket), then he feels hungry/ anxious/ worried, etc. The reason is that a finite aspect cannot have unlimited features.

This level of faith is that the Manna rained down every day anew, also the taste of the Manna was unlimited because the supernal root of the Manna was the reason for these unusual features.

Someone who is “limited” could not taste the “unlimited” nature of the Manna. In fact, one could not gaze upon the Manna because of the great light which it had.

 

F

This explains why the after blessing for our physical bread is connected to the Manna (Moshe established this when the Manna rained down). The true limitless food which we are granted should be tasted even within our physical bread and material business.

Everyone can reach this level, especially since we know that our sustenance nowadays is also a level of Manna from Heaven (Rebbe Maharsh).

When a person makes the space within become a vessel for the unlimited, then he is filled. As the Talmud says, “An empty vessel holds, while a full vessel does not”.

This includes all of the blessings of the Manna in the way of children, good health, and material abundance!!

 

Join our Becoming A light Warrior program: https://www.livekabbalah.com/Becoming-a-light-warrior 


Hebrew script:

 

ื‘ืก"ื“. ืฉ"ืค ืขืงื‘, ื›"ืฃ ืžื ื—ื-ืื‘

 

ื•ื™ืขื ืš

ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš ื•ื™ืื›ื™ืœืš ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ื’ื•'.."1, ื•ืžื“ื™ื™ืง ืื“ืžื•"ืจ (ืžื”ื•ืจืฉ"ื‘) ื ืข ื‘ืžืืžืจื• ื“"ื” ื–ื”2, ื“ื‘ื›"ืž ื‘ืชื•ืจื”  ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ืžืขืœืช ื”ืžืŸ, ื•ื›ืืŸ ืื•ืžืจ ื•ื™ืขื ืš ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš ื’ื•' ืฉื”ื•ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ื”ื™ืคืš ื”ืžืขืœื”. ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื3 ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื‘ืฉืขื” ืฉื™ืจื“ ืœื”ื ืžืŸ, ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืชื™ืงืŸ ืœื”ื ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื ื›ื ืกื• ืœืืจืฅ. ื•ื›ืชื‘ ื”ืจืฉื‘"ื4 ื“ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ืžืฉื” ืชื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•' ื™ื”ื•ืฉืข ืชื™ืงืŸ ื›ื•'5 ื”ื•ื ืฉืชื™ืงื ื• ืœื”ื ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช, ื“ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ืžืŸ ื”ืชื•ืจื” [ื›ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ื’ืžืจื3, ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช6 ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื›ื•' ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื–ื• ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ]. ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืœืงื•"ืช7, ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ืฉื’ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ืžื–ื›ื™ืจื™ืŸ ื•ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœืช ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื•ื‘ื—ืชื™ืžืช ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ื—ื•ืชืžื™ืŸ ืขืœ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ (ืืข"ืค ืฉื‘ื™ืจื›ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ), ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื•ื”ืžื˜ื‘ืข ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ื•ืžื–ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ8. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืขืช (ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช), ื“ืื›ื™ืœื” ื”ืžืฉื‘ืขืช ื”ื™ื (ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ) ื‘ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืืขืค"ื›, ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืขืœ ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืืจืฅ (ืฉืœื ื ืืžืจ ื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช9), ื•ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ (ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช) ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™' ื•ื™ืขื ืš ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš10.

ื’ื

ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืžื” ืฉื”ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื“ื™ื•ื ื”ื›ื™ืคื•ืจื™ื ืœืžื“ื™ืŸ11 ืžืขื™ื ื•ื™ ื”ื ืืžืจ ื’ื‘ื™ ืžืŸ, ื ืืžืจ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ (ื•ืขื ื™ืชื ืืช ื ืคืฉื•ืชื™ื›ื12) ื•ื ืืžืจ ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ (ื•ื™ืขื ืš ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš) ืžื” ืœื”ืœืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ืืฃ ื›ืืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ, ืฉืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื” ืื•ืชื ื›ื›ืœ ื”ื“ืจื•ืฉ [ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื•11 (ื•ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™' ื“ื‘ืจ13ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื•14) ื•ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ ืฉืจื•ืื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ11 (ื•ื‘ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื˜ื•ืขืžื™ื ื›ืœ ื”ืžื™ื ื™ื ื•ืœื ืจืื• ืืœื ืžืŸ14)], ื•ืžื–ื” ืฉืžื“ืžื™ืŸ ืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืŸ ืœืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค, ืžืฉืžืข, ืฉืขื™ื ื•ื™ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื (ืœื ืฉืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืŸ ืœื ื”ืฉื‘ื™ืขื” ื›ืื›ื™ืœื” ืข"ื“ ื”ืจื’ื™ืœ, ืืœื) ื›ืžื• ืฉืœื ืื›ืœ15. ื•ืœื”ืขื™ืจ, ืฉืขืค"ื– ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ ืขื•ื“ ื™ื•ืชืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ. ื’ื ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ16, ื“ืขื›ืฉื™ื• (ืœืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืคืกืง ื”ืžืŸ), ื›ืœ ื”ื‘ืจื›ื•ืช ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ืžื–ื•ืŸ ื”ื ืœื›ืื•ืจื” ืขืœ ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื”ื ื•ืกื— ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื”ื ื•ืกื— ืฉืชื™ืงืŸ ืžืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ.

ื‘ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ

ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื™ื ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ17 ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™' ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ. ื“ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš ื’ื•' ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉ"ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš" ืงืื™ ืขืœ "ืืช ื”ืžืŸ", ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ืจืขื™ื‘ ืื•ืชืš. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื“ืžืŸ ืจื•ืžื– ืœืื’ื“ื” [ื›ืž"ืฉ18 ื•ื”ื•ื ื›ื–ืจืข ื’ื“ ืœื‘ืŸ ื•ืื™ืชื ื‘ืžื›ื™ืœืชื ื›ืื’ื“ื” ืฉืžื•ืฉื›ืช ืœื‘ื• ืฉืœ ืื“ื], ืฉื”ื•ื19 ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ืžื‘ื•ืืจ ื‘ื›"ืž20 ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื“ืชื•ืจื”, ื•ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื (ืžืŸ) ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื”ื•ื ืจืง ื™ื“ื™ืขืช ื”ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช ื•ืœื ื”ืฉื’ืช ื”ืžื”ื•ืช21, ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืงืฉื•ืจ ื‘ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ (ืข"ื“ ื”ืจืขื‘ ืœืฉืžื•ืข ืืช ื“ื‘ืจ ื”'22) ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ื”ืžื”ื•ืช23.

ื•ื‘ืขื•ืžืง

ื™ื•ืชืจ ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื“ืž"ืฉ ื‘ืžื“ืจืฉ ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื›ื•ื•ื ื” ื‘ื–ื” ื”ื™ื (ืœื ืจืง ืฉื”ืžืŸ ืคื•ืขืœ ืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืื“ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœื•, ืืœื ื’ื) ืฉื”ืžืŸ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ. ื•ื™ื•ื‘ืŸ ื–ื” ื‘ื”ืงื“ื™ื ืฉื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื”ื "ืœ ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื”ื•ื ื’ืœื™ื ื“ืชื•ืจื” ื•ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื›ืœืœื•ืช, ืื‘ืœ ื‘ืคืจื˜ื™ื•ืช, ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” (ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื) ื”ื ื’ื ื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื“ืื™ืชื ื‘ืชื ื™ื24 ืฉื‘ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื. ืฉื”ื™ื ืžืฆื•ื” ืจืžื”25ื•ื ืฉืื” ื•ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœื. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืœืคื™ ืฉืžื‘ื™ืื” ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจื™ื (ื‘ื™ืจื•ืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช), ื”ื•ื ื“ื•ืžื” ืœืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื•26. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื“ืฉื ื™ ืื•ืคื ื™ ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื”ื•ื ื’ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ. ื“ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ื‘ื›ื“ื™ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœืœื‘ ืฉืœื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช, ื•ื”ืœื™ืžื•ื“ ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื“ื•ืช. ื•ืขืค"ื– ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ืขื ื™ืŸ ืฉื‘ื™ืขื” (ื‘ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื›ืœ) ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ื•ื ืชื•ืคืก ืืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื“ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื™ื ืœืžื“ื•ืช (ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ืฉื‘ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”) ืฉื”ื™ื ื ืชืคืกืช ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืชืคื™ืกื ืžืžืฉ (ืฉืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื’ื ื‘ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ืฉืœื•) ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ื”ืžืฉื‘ื™ืข, ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื“ืžื•ื—ื™ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื“ื•ืช (ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืžืŸ) ืฉื”ื™ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื”ืคืœืื” ื•ืื™ื ื” ื ืชืคืกืช (ื›"ื›) ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื”ื™ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ.

ื’ื•ื™ืฉ

ืœื•ืžืจ, ืฉื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื“ืฉื ื™ ื”ืคื™ืจื•ืฉื™ื ื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ืฉืคื•ืขืœ ืฉืื™ื ื• ืฉื•ืœืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื“ื ื•ืฉื”ืžืื›ืœ ืขืฆืžื• ื”ื•ื ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืชืคื™ืกื (ืืฃ ืฉื’ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ืฉืœื•), ื”ื•ื, ืฉื™ื“ื™ืขื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉื‘ืขืจืš ื”ืžื“ื•ืช, ืืœื ืฉื”ื™ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืคื•ืขืœืช ื‘ื”ืื“ื (ืฉืขื™ืงืจื• ืžื“ื•ืช) ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื•ืฆืžืื•ืŸ ืœื”ืฉื™ื’ ืืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ. ื•ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืจื’ืช ื”ืฉื›ืœ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืžื“ื•ืช (ื›ื "ืœ ืกืขื™ืฃ ื‘), ืฉืœื›ืŸ, ื”ื™ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืžื“ื•ืช. ื•ื›ืฉืžืชื’ืœื™ืช ื“ืจื’ื ื–ื• ื‘ื”ืžื“ื•ืช, ื”ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ. ื•ืข"ื“ ื”ื—ื™ืœื•ืง ื‘ื™ืŸ ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื“ื‘ื™ื ื”, ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื”ืชื‘ื•ื ื ื•ืช ื•ื”ื”ืฉื’ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื”ื”ืคืœืื” ื“ืื•ื"ืก ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืขื•ืœืžื•ืช, ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ื“ื™ ืื”ื‘ื” ืจื‘ื” (ื‘ืชืฉื•ืงื” ื•ืฆืžืื•ืŸ), ื™ืฉ ืžื™ ืฉืื•ื”ื‘, ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ืจืื™' ื“ื—ื›ืžื” ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ืœื™ืจืื”, ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ27. ืืœื ืฉืืขืค"ื› ื’ื ื“ืจื’ื ื–ื• ื“ืžืŸ ื ืง' ื‘ืฉื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ื›ื™ ื”ื–ื™ื›ื•ืš ืฉืข"ื™ ืื›ื™ืœืช ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ืื•ื›ืœ ืืช ื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ื‘ื˜ืœ ื‘ืชื›ืœื™ืช, ื•ืขื™"ื– ื”ื•ื ื ืขืฉื” (ื›ืžื•) ื›ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืื•ืจ ืฉืื™ื ื• ื‘ืขืจื›ื•. ื•ืข"ื“ ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื“ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืจืขื‘28 ื“ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค29, ืฉื”ืจืขื‘ ื“ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ื™ื ืช ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™' [ื•ื›ื™ื“ื•ืข30 ืฉื”ื˜ืขื ื“ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค ืืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื›ื™ืœื” ื•ืฉืชื™' ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค ื”ื•ื ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืขืฆืžื™ ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ืจื’ืฉ], ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ืœื”ื—ื™ื•ืชื ื‘ืจืขื‘ ื”ื•ื ืฉื‘ื™ื•ื”ื›"ืค ืžืงื‘ืœื™ื ื—ื™ื•ืช ืžืชืขื ื•ื’ ื–ื”31.

ื“ื•ื™ืฉ

ืœืงืฉืจ ื–ื” ืขื ืžืืžืจ ื”ื–ื”ืจ32 ืข"ืค33 ืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”' ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ืจ' ื—ื–ืงื™' ืคืชื— ืฉื™ืจ ื”ืžืขืœื•ืช ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ื’ื•'34ื“ืžืขืžืงื™ื (ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื) ื”ื ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื, ื•ื›ืชื‘ ืืืžื•"ืจ ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื ืขืœ ื”ื’ืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื•35 (ืฉืžืฉืš ื›ืžื” ืฉื ื™ื ื”ื™' ื‘ืฉื‘ื™', ื•ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื ืคื“ื• (ืกืคืจ ื”ื–ื”ืจ ืฉืœื• ืขื ืขื•ื“ ืกืคืจื™ื ืฉืœื•) ืžื”ืฉื‘ื™' ื•ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœื›ืืŸ), ืฉื”ืฉื™ื™ื›ื•ืช ื“ืคื™ืจื•ืฉ ื–ื” ื‘ืžืžืขืžืงื™ื ืœืจืื• ื’ื•' ื”ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื™ื, ื›ื™ ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื”, ืฉืžื”ื ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืคืข ืœื›ืœ ืฉืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื“ื–"ื (ืžื‘ื•ืขื™ืŸ ื ืคืงื™ืŸ ื•ื ื’ื“ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื›ื ื›ื•ืœื36). ื•ืขื ื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืฉื™ื™ืš ืœืจืื• ื›ื™ ื”' ื ืชืŸ ืœื›ื ื”ืฉื‘ืช, ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ื™ื•ืžื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืื” ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื™ื ื”37 (ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื), ืฉื‘ื” ืžืœื•ื‘ืฉ ื—ื›ืžื” (ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื›ื•ืœื), ื•ืžื™ื ื™' ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ืŸ ืฉื™ืชื ื™ื•ืžื™ืŸ38, ื•"ืง ื“ื–"ื. ื•ืžืžืฉื™ืš ื‘ืขืœ ื”ื”ื™ืœื•ืœื, ื“ื–ื”ื• ืž"ืฉ39 ื•ืงืจืืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื’, ืขื ื’ ื”ื•ื ืจ"ืช ืขื“ืŸ ื ื”ืจ ื’ืŸ40, ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื ื”ืจ ื”ื ื—ื›ืžื” ื•ื‘ื™ื ื” (ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื›ื•ืœื ื•ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื), ื•ืžื”ื ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืœื’ืŸ, ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืฉื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ืช41, ื›ื™ ืฉื‘ืช ื”ื•ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ืฉ' ื‘ืช42, ืฉ' ื‘ื’ื™ืžื˜ืจื™ื ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ืขื“ืŸ ื•ื ื”ืจ, ื•ื‘ืช ื”ื™ื ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ื’ืŸ) ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืคืข ื•ื”ื‘ืจื›ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ ื•ื ื”ืจ, ืžืขืžืงื™ื. ื•ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ื‘ื™ืŸ, ื“ื‘ืชื—ื™ืœืช ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ืžื“ื‘ืจ ื‘ื”ืžืฉื›ืช ื”ืฉืคืข ืžื—ื•"ื‘ (ืžืขืžืงื™ื) ืœืฉืฉื” ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื“ื–"ื, ื•ืœืื—"ื– ืžื‘ืืจ ืฉื–ื”ื• ื•ืงืจืืช ืœืฉื‘ืช ืขื ื’, ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ืžืขื“ืŸ ื•ื ื”ืจ ืœื’ืŸ, ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ื™ืฉ ืœื•ืžืจ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” (ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื), ืฉืžืขืžืงื™ื ืœืฉื•ืŸ ืจื‘ื™ื ื”ื ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื‘ื™ืจื (ื‘ื™ื ื”) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉืคื•ืขืœืช ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ, ื•ืขื•ืžืงื ื“ื›ื•ืœื (ื—ื›ืžื”) ื”ื•ื ื”ื™ื“ื™ืขื” ืฉื”ื™ื ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื‘ืขืฆื ืœื’ื‘ื™ ื”ืื“ื, ื•ืฉื ื™ ื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื“ื–"ื ื•ืžืœื›ื•ืช ื”ื ืฉืชื™ ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื, ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืคืฉื˜ (ืงืฆืช) ืžืžืฆื™ืื•ืชื• (ื–"ื) ื•ื›ืžื• ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื• (ืžืœื›ื•ืช). ื•ื”ื”ืžืฉื›ื” ื“ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ ื”ืื“ื (ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœื•) ื”ื™ื ื‘ืฉืชื™ ื”ื“ืจื’ื•ืช ืฉื‘ื•, ื’ื ื‘ื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ืฉืœื•, ืฉื”ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื” ืฉืžืฆื“ ืขืฆืžื ื”ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืฉื›ืœ ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ื‘ืฉื›ืœ, ื‘ื”ืฉื’ื” ืžืžืฉ43.

ื•ื™ืฉ

ืœื”ื•ืกื™ืฃ, ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ื“ืžืขืžืงื™ื ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื“ื•' ื”ืžื“ื•ืช ื“ื–"ื ื”ื (ืจืง) ืžืชื‘ืจื›ื™ื ืžื™ื•ืžื ืฉื‘ื™ืขืื”, ื•ื”ืžืœื›ื•ืช (ื ื•ืกืฃ ืขืœ ืฉื‘ื” ื ืžืฉืš ื”ืฉืคืข ืžื—ื•"ื‘, ื’ื) ื”ื™ื ืขืฆืžื” ื ืงืจืืช ืฉื‘ืช. ื•ื™ืชื™ืจื” ืžื–ื•, ืฉื‘ืฉื‘ืช (ืฉืงืื™ ื‘ืขื™ืงืจ ืขืœ ื‘ื™ื ื”) ื™ืฉ ื’ื ืื•ืชื™ื•ืช ื‘ืช, ื”ื™ื™ื ื• ืฉืขื™ืงืจ ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉ' (ืžืขืžืงื™ื) ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื ืžืฉืš ื‘ื‘ืช, ืžืœื›ื•ืช. ื•ื™"ืœ ื”ื‘ื™ืื•ืจ ื‘ื–ื” ื‘ืขื‘ื•ื“ืช ื”ืื“ื, ืฉื”ื•ื ืข"ื“ ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข44 ืฉืข"ื™ ื”ืคืฆืช ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช ื—ื•ืฆื” ืžืชื’ืœื” ืขื ื™ื ื ื“ื”ืžืขื™ื™ื ื•ืช.

ื”ื•ื”ื ื”

ืžืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ื”ื "ืœ ืฉื‘ืžืŸ ื“ืคื ื™ืžื™ื•ืช ื”ืชื•ืจื”ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืฉื’ื” ื•ืืขืค"ื› ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸื ืฉืชืœืฉืœื• ืฉื ื™ ืขื ื™ื ื™ื ืืœื” ื‘ื”ืžืŸ ื›ืคืฉื•ื˜ื•. ื•ื”ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ื•ื, ื“ื”ื˜ืขื ืขืœ ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™' ื“ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื ื‘ื™ื•ืžื• [ืฉืœื›ืŸ ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื™' ื•ื™ืขื ืš ื•ื™ืจืขื™ื‘ืš, ื›ื™ ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื•], ื”ื•ื, ื›ื™ ื’ื“ืจ ื”ืขื•ืœื ื”ื•ื (ืžืงื•ื ื•)ื–ืžืŸ45, ื•ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ืขื•ืœื, ืœืžืขืœื” ืžื’ื“ืจ ื–ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ, ื’ื ืœืื—ืจื™ ืฉื ืžืฉืš ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื”ื™' ืฆืจื™ืš ืœื”ืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื46. ื•ื–ื”ื• ืื™ื ื• ื“ื•ืžื” ืžื™ ืฉื™ืฉ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื• ืœืžื™ ืฉืื™ืŸ ืœื• ืคืช ื‘ืกืœื•, ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ ื•ื›ืŸ ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ืฉื ืžืฉื›ื• ื‘ืขื•ืœื, ื›ื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืื™ืŸ ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื”ื ืฉื”ื ืžืชื—ื“ืฉื™ื ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื47, ื ื“ืžื” ืœืื“ื ืฉื”ื ื‘ืกืœื•, ื•ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™' ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื ืžืœืžืขืœื”, ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืœื• ืฉืœ ื”ืื“ื. ื•ืขื“"ื–48 ื”ื•ื ื‘ื ื•ื’ืข ืฉื˜ืขืžื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื (ื˜ืขื ื”ืฉื ื™ ืขืœ ื”ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื“ืžืŸ), ื“ื‘ื“ื‘ืจ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื"ื ืฉื™ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื (ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืฉื‘ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื™ืฉื ื ื’ื ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ืคื›ื™ื™ื), ื•ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื™ื• ื‘ื• ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืขืžื™ื ื”ื•ื ืœืคื™ ืฉื’ื ื›ืฉื ืžืฉืš ืœืžื˜ื” ื”ื™' ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืฉืžื™ื, ืขื ื™ืŸ ืืœื•ืงื™ ืฉืœืžืขืœื” ืžื”ื”ื’ื‘ืœื•ืช ื“ืขื•ืœื. ื•ื–ื”ื• "ืื™ื ื• ืจื•ืื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ", ืฉืขื™ืŸ ื”ืื“ื ื”ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ืœื ื”ื™' ื™ื›ื•ืœ ืœืชืคื•ืก ื”ื‘ืœ"ื’ ื“ื”ืžืŸ, ื•ืœื›ืŸ ืœื ืจืื” ืืคื™ืœื• ืžืื›ืœ ืคืฉื•ื˜, ืข"ื“ ืžืงื•ื ืื•ืจ ื’ื“ื•ืœ ืžื ืฉื•ืืฉื”ืจืื™' ืžืชื‘ืœื‘ืœืช.

ื•ื”ื ื”

ื–ื” ืฉื”ืžืŸ ื”ื•ื ืžืื›ืœ ืจืขื‘ื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืฉื”ืื“ื ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ืžืฉื"ื› ื›ืฉื”ื•ื ื‘ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืœืืœืงื•ืช, ืขื™ืงืจ ื”ื”ื ืื” ื•ื”ืชืขื ื•ื’ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ืžื”ืฉืคืขื” ืฉื ืจื’ืฉ ื‘ื” ืฉืื™ื ื” ื‘ืกืœื• ื“ื”ืื“ื ื•ื ืžืฉื›ืช ืžื”ืงื‘"ื”. ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ืœ ืฉืœื• ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ, ืจื•ืื” ื•ืื•ื›ืœ.

ื•ื•ืขืค"ื–

ื™ืฉ ืœื‘ืืจ ืฉื”ื ื•ืกื— ื“ื‘ืจื›ืช ื”ื–ืŸ (ื“ื›ืชื™ื‘ ื‘ื” ื•ืื›ืœืช ื•ืฉื‘ืขืช ื•ื‘ืจื›ืช) ื”ื•ื ืขืœ ื”ืžืŸ, ื›ื™ ืืžื™ืชื™ืช ืขื ื™ืŸ ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข (ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช49) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืžืŸ, ื›ืฉืžืจื’ื™ืฉ ืฉื”ืฉืคืข ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ืื™ื ื• ื‘ืกืœื• (ื“ื”ืื“ื) ืืœื ื”ื•ื ื ืฉืคืข ืชืžื™ื“ ืžืœืžืขืœื” (ื›ื”ืžืŸ ืฉื”ื™' ื ื™ื›ืจ ื‘ื• ื‘ื’ื™ืœื•ื™ ืฉืžืชื—ื“ืฉ ื‘ื›ืœ ื™ื•ื). ื•ื‘ื™ื›ืœืชื• ืฉืœ ื›ืื•"ื ืžื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื‘ื•ื ืœื”ืจื’ืฉ ื–ื”. ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ืข"ืค ื”ื™ื“ื•ืข50ืฉืคืจื ืกื” ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื–ื” (ื‘ื–ืžืŸ ื”ื’ืœื•ืช) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ื“ื”ืฉืคืขืช ื”ืžืŸ. ื•ืข"ื™ ื”ืจื’ืฉ ื–ื” ื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืœืงื‘ืœ ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ื‘ืœืชื™ ืžื•ื’ื‘ืœ ื“ืžืŸ. ื•ื›ืžืืžืจ ืจื–"ืœ51 ื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืงืŸ ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง. ื“ื›ืืฉืจ ื”ื•ื ืžืฆื™ืื•ืช, ื•ื‘ืคืจื˜ ื›ืฉื—ื•ืฉื‘ ืฉื”ืฉืคืข ืฉื ื•ืชื ื™ื ืœื• ื”ื•ื ื‘ืกืœื• (ื›ืœื™ ืžืœื) ืื™ื ื• ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ืืคื™ืœื• ื”ืฉืคืข ื”ืžืฆื•ืžืฆื ื“ืœื—ื ืžืŸ ื”ืืจืฅ, ื•ืข"ื™ ืฉื”ื•ื ื›ืœื™ ืจื™ืงืŸ, ื”ื•ื ืžื—ื–ื™ืง ื’ื ื”ืฉื•ื‘ืข ื•ื”ืขืฉื™ืจื•ืช ื“ืžืŸ, ื•ื ืžืฉื›ื™ื ืœื• ื›ืœ ื”ื”ืฉืคืขื•ืช ื“ื‘ื ื™ ื—ื™ื™ ื•ืžื–ื•ื ื™ ื‘ืื•ืคืŸ ืฉืœ ืจื•ื™ื—ื™.

 

 

 

 

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